Abstract: As a key component of liquid-fueled launch vehicles, the storage tank integrates the functions of propellant sealed storage and main load-bearing of the rocket body. Its technical level directly affects the launch efficiency, launch cost, and flight safety of the rocket. As China's aerospace industry shifts towards heavier, high-density launches and reusability, storage tank technology urgently needs to address new challenges such as large-size thin-walled forming, stress regulation under cryogenic conditions, and the practical application of composite materials. This paper focuses on the core area of structural design and lightweight optimization, providing a systematic overview of the current research status of China's launch vehicle storage tanks, and offering theoretical basis and practical guidance for subsequent technological iteration and engineering applications