Abstract: 3D printing technology, through its innovative manufacturing paradigm of three-dimensional digital modeling, discrete layering of models, and precise layer-by-layer material deposition, has achieved deep integration of multidisciplinary technologies and injected new productive forces into breakthrough developments in materials science. Its application scope now spans metallic, polymeric, and ceramic materials, forming a multi-category, cross-domain application framework. This paper comprehensively reviews the classification and fundamental principles of mainstream 3D printing technologies, systematically organizes material categories and their compatibility characteristics with various 3D printing techniques, and provides targeted commentary on the current limitations and development trends of this technology in materials applications. The review aims to offer valuable references for both practical applications and future advancements of 3D printing technology in the field of materials science.