Abstract: Based on theoretical inverter modeling and simulation experiments, this paper analyzes the characteristics of photovoltaic power generation systems under different environmental conditions and their influencing factors, and improves energy conversion efficiency through system structure optimization. First, mathematical models of the photovoltaic modules, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller, and inverter are established. Then, MATLAB/Simulink is used to simulate and analyze the output power, system efficiency, and inverter performance of the photovoltaic system under different irradiance levels, temperatures, and load conditions, and to evaluate the tracking accuracy of the MPPT algorithm and the conversion efficiency of the inverter. Simulation results show that under standard irradiance (1 000 W/m²) and low temperature (25 ℃), the system achieves the highest efficiency, approximately 99.48%; however, with increasing temperature, both output power and efficiency decrease significantly. The tracking error of the P&O algorithm ranges from 0.5% to 4.87%, and the inverter efficiency reaches 96% under rated load conditions. Finally, experimental results verify the influence of environmental conditions on photovoltaic system performance and demonstrate that optimization of the MPPT algorithm and inverter control strategy can further improve efficiency. The research provides a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of photovoltaic systems, while future work should further strengthen studies on dynamic environmental adaptability and hardware system validation.