Abstract: To address the problems of low efficiency and high labor intensity in traditional potato planting, this design integrates the fertilizing and sowing operations of potatoes into a single machine. Mechanical transmission components such as the ditch opener, fertilizer dispensing and guiding mechanism, rotary tiller on the traction frame, seed pickup and sowing unit, seed box structure, seeding spoon, and soil-covering and compaction mechanism were designed. Finite element analysis of the ditch opener was performed to determine the stress–strain distribution under different working conditions and to identify structural weak points. The research results provide a scientific basis for the optimal design of the potato fertilizing and sowing integrated machine. They can effectively improve the machine's operational efficiency, sowing and fertilization accuracy, and overall stability in agricultural production. This work is of great significance for promoting the mechanization of potato planting and enhancing agricultural productivity.